Surveillance System
It is necessary to understand and monitor the changes in AMR at the national level and to analyze and control its spread. The KDCA comprises several organizations, and each organization operates various types of systems with surveillance as the goal.
Kor-GLASS monitors tertiary hospitals and geriatric hospitals, KARMS monitors general hospitals and geriatric hospitals, and KONIS monitors intensive care units in general hospitals.
The type of targeting hospitals, clinical specimens, and susceptibility testing of the three surveillance systems are different.
Kor-GLASS provides a non-resilient rates of AMR; and, the resistance rates provided by KARMS is higher than the actual resistance rate. Therefore, the results of each system cannot be compared directly.
| Surveillance System | Kor-GLASS | KARMS | KONIS |
|---|---|---|---|
| Type of Hospital | tertiary hospital/ Geriatric hospital |
General hospital/ Geriatric hospital |
tertiary hospital (Intensive care unit) |
| Bacteria Species | Staphylococcus aureus
Enterococcus faecalis Enterococcus faecium Streptococcus pneumonia Escherichia coli Klebsiella pneumoniae Pseudomonas aeruginosa Acinetobacter spp. Salmonella spp. Shigella spp. Neisseria gonorrhoeae Clostridioides difficile |
S. aureus
E. faecalis E. faecium S. pneumonia E. coli K. pneumoniae Enterobacter cloacae P. aeruginosa A. baumannii Non-typhoidal Salmonella Salmonella Typhi Shigella spp. Campylobacter jejuni Vancomycin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (VRSA) N. gonorrhoeae |
S. aureus
E. faecalis E. faecium E. coli K. pneumoniae P. aeruginosa A. baumannii |
| Type of specimens | Blood/Urine/Feces/ Genital |
Blood/Urine/Feces/ Genital |
Blood/Biopsy/Pleural Effusion |
| Testing sites | Analysis Center specified by bacterial species | Collection Center | Collection Center |
| Susceptibility Testing methods | Disk Diffusion Method Etest Broth Microdilution Method |
Microorganism Automation Equipment |
Microorganism Automation Equipment |
| Way to calculate the AMR rates |
Non-resilient Resistance Rate |
The average of the Resistance Rates of each site |
Total number of non-susceptible strains / total number of strains |
| Strain Collection | Collecting the entire non-resilient strains | No strain collection | No strain collection |