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Surveillance System

It is necessary to understand and monitor the changes in AMR at the national level and to analyze and control its spread. The KDCA comprises several organizations, and each organization operates various types of systems with surveillance as the goal.

Kor-GLASS monitors tertiary hospitals and geriatric hospitals, KARMS monitors general hospitals and geriatric hospitals, and KONIS monitors intensive care units in general hospitals.

The type of targeting hospitals, clinical specimens, and susceptibility testing of the three surveillance systems are different.

Kor-GLASS provides a non-resilient rates of AMR; and, the resistance rates provided by KARMS is higher than the actual resistance rate. Therefore, the results of each system cannot be compared directly.

Surveillance System Kor-GLASS KARMS KONIS
Type of Hospital tertiary hospital/
Geriatric hospital
General hospital/
Geriatric hospital
tertiary hospital
(Intensive care unit)
Bacteria Species Staphylococcus aureus
Enterococcus faecalis
Enterococcus faecium
Streptococcus pneumonia
Escherichia coli
Klebsiella pneumoniae
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Acinetobacter spp.
Salmonella spp.
Shigella spp.
Neisseria gonorrhoeae
Clostridioides difficile
S. aureus
E. faecalis
E. faecium
S. pneumonia
E. coli
K. pneumoniae
Enterobacter cloacae
P. aeruginosa
A. baumannii
Non-typhoidal
Salmonella
Salmonella Typhi
Shigella spp.
Campylobacter jejuni
Vancomycin-resistant
Staphylococcus aureus (VRSA)
N. gonorrhoeae
S. aureus
E. faecalis
E. faecium
E. coli
K. pneumoniae
P. aeruginosa
A. baumannii
Type of specimens Blood/Urine/Feces/
Genital
Blood/Urine/Feces/
Genital
Blood/Biopsy/Pleural
Effusion
Testing sites Analysis Center specified by bacterial species Collection Center Collection Center
Susceptibility Testing methods Disk Diffusion Method Etest
Broth Microdilution Method
Microorganism
Automation Equipment
Microorganism
Automation Equipment
Way to calculate the
AMR rates
Non-resilient Resistance
Rate
The average of the
Resistance Rates of each site
Total number of non-susceptible strains
/ total number of strains
Strain Collection Collecting the entire non-resilient strains No strain collection No strain collection